Circuits+Tech+3

Circuit Assignment Area of Interaction: Environments

=== Significant Concepts: Basic circuits ===

=== Unit Question: How have circuits impacted our environments? ===

Define the following: Voltage: Electromotive force or  potential difference expressed in volts.

Current: The time rate of flow  of electric charge, in the direction  that a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">positive <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> moving <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">charge would take and <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> having <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">magnitude <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> equal to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">the quantity of charge <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> per <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">unit time: measured in amperes.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Resistance: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A property of a conductor <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">by <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> virtue of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">which <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">the passage of current is opposed,causing electric energy to be transformed into heat:equal to the voltage <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">across <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> the conductor divided by thecurrent <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">flowing in the conductor: usually <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">measured in ohms.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Circuit: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Also called <span class="varf" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">electric circuit. T <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">he complete path of an <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">electric current, including the generating <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">apparatus,intervening <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">resistors, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> or <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">capacitors.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Transistors: <span class="ital-inline" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">// Electronics // <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">. A semiconductor device that amplifies,oscillates, or <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">switches <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">flow <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> of current between twoterminals by varying the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">current or voltage <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> between one ofthe terminals <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">and a third: although <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">much <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> smaller in size than a vacuum tube, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">it performs <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">similar <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> functions without requiring current to heat a cathode.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">LEDs: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Light-emitting <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">diode: a semiconductor diode that emits light when <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">conducting current <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">and is used in <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">electronic <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">equipment, especiallyfor displaying <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">readings on <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">digital <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">watches, calculators, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">etc.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Capacitor: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A device <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> for accumulating and holding a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">charge <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> of electricity, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">consisting of two equally charged conducting <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">surfaces havingopposite signs and separated by a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">dielectric.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Resistor: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A device designed to introduce <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">resistance <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">into <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> an electric <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">circuit.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Switch: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A device <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">for turning on or off or <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">directing anelectric <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">current or for <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">making or breaking a circuit.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Digital Electronics: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The implementation <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> of <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">two-valued logic <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> using electronic <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">logic gates <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> such as <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">and gates <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">, <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">or gates <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">and <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">flip-flops <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">. In such circuits the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">logical values <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> true and false are represented by two different <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">voltages <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">, e.g. 0V for false and +5V for true. Similarly, numbers are normally <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">represented <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> in <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">binary <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">using two different voltages to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">re presented <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> zero and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">one. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Digital electronics contrasts <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">with <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">analogue <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> electronics whichrepresents continuously varying <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">quantities <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> like sound pressure using continuously varying voltages. Digital <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">electronics <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> is the foundation of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">modern <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> computers and <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">digital communications <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">. Massively complex digital logic circuitswith millions of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">gates can <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> now be built onto a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">single <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">integrated circuit <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> such as a <span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">microprocessor <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> and these circuits <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">can <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> performmillions of operations per <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">second.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">*Integrated Circuit: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A circuit of <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> transistors, resistors, and capacitors constructed on asingle <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">semiconductor <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> wafer or chip, in which the components are <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">interconnected <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">perform <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">given function.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">*Binary Code: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A system of representing letters, numbers, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> or other characters, using binary <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">notation.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">*Circuit Breaker: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A switch that automatically interrupts the current of an overloaded electric circuit.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">*Conductor: <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A material or object that permits an electric current to flow easily <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Spend two day creating snap circuits. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">13. How many circuits did you make? (You need to make at least 6 circuits) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">14. What was your favorite circuit? <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">15. Did you like the snap circuits? Explain why:

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Spend 4 days making your bug circuit. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">16. Did your circuit work? <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">17. Did you like making the bug circuit? Explain why:

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">18. How have circuits impacted our environment?

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">How you will be graded: <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Answering Questions: +25 <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Snap Circuits: +30 <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Bug Circuit: +30 <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Total: 85